Voltage Monitoring:
Monitors the voltage of each cell in the series to maintain safe operating limits and to prevent damage.

Current Monitoring:
Tracks the current flowing into and out of the battery pack to ensure it stays within safe limits.

Temperature Monitoring:
Measures the temperature of the battery pack to prevent overheating, which can lead to safety hazards or reduced battery life.

State of Charge (SoC) Estimation:
Estimates the remaining capacity of the battery pack based on voltage, current, and temperature data.

Safety Features:
Includes protections such as overcharge protection, overdischarge protection, short circuit protection, and thermal management.

Communication Interface:
Provides communication capabilities (e.g., UART, CAN bus) to interface with external systems for monitoring and control purposes.

Alarms and Indicators:
Provides alerts or indicators (LEDs, alarms) for abnormal conditions such as high temperature, overvoltage, or undervoltage.

Fault Diagnosis:
Ability to diagnose faults or anomalies in the battery pack and BMS itself.

Compatibility:
Designed to work with specific battery chemistries (e.g., Li-ion, LiFePO4) and pack configurations.

Efficiency:
Minimizes energy loss during charging and discharging to optimize battery performance and longevity.

These specifications can vary depending on the specific application and requirements of the battery pack. Advanced BMS systems may also include features like regenerative braking control, cell impedance monitoring, and predictive maintenance capabilities.